Therapists in Oakland, CA

View neighborhoods in Oakland
Photo of Craig Metz | Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Craig Metz | Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602
I help people to live the life they dream of living.
I help people to live the life they dream of living.
(415) 639-9186 View (415) 639-9186
Photo of Barbara Lankamp, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Barbara Lankamp
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Sometimes we get stuck, in our own heads, in unhelpful behavior, or as a couple. We strive for change but soon fall back into old habits, patterns, arguments or results. "It will be different this time, once again starts looking frustratingly familiar, but only with added dissappointment and sense of repeated failure. To some this may feel terrifying, to others hopeless. Whether you feel exhausted from worrying or trying to please others, or angry and frustrated with the situation, there is help. Toegther we can shift away from bandaid approaches with the goal of root-level healing and change.
Sometimes we get stuck, in our own heads, in unhelpful behavior, or as a couple. We strive for change but soon fall back into old habits, patterns, arguments or results. "It will be different this time, once again starts looking frustratingly familiar, but only with added dissappointment and sense of repeated failure. To some this may feel terrifying, to others hopeless. Whether you feel exhausted from worrying or trying to please others, or angry and frustrated with the situation, there is help. Toegther we can shift away from bandaid approaches with the goal of root-level healing and change.
(341) 895-5788 View (341) 895-5788
Photo of Andrea Weicker, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Andrea Weicker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Therapy should be focused on you and your needs. Are you feeling overwhelmed and unsure about what to do about your teen's anxiety? Do you worry a lot, often leaving you anxious, exhausted and overwhelmed? Has parenting become a constant battle, leaving you feeling drained and exhausted? I can help. I have extensive experience working with teens and parents who have experienced trauma, who have suicidal thoughts, self-harming behaviors, school refusal, anxiety, OCD, social withdraw, bullying, low self-esteem, and depression. I specialize in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Exposure Response Prevention (ERP).
Therapy should be focused on you and your needs. Are you feeling overwhelmed and unsure about what to do about your teen's anxiety? Do you worry a lot, often leaving you anxious, exhausted and overwhelmed? Has parenting become a constant battle, leaving you feeling drained and exhausted? I can help. I have extensive experience working with teens and parents who have experienced trauma, who have suicidal thoughts, self-harming behaviors, school refusal, anxiety, OCD, social withdraw, bullying, low self-esteem, and depression. I specialize in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Exposure Response Prevention (ERP).
(510) 694-1783 View (510) 694-1783
Photo of Rainbow Schwartz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rainbow Schwartz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
When we foster a space of compassion and curiosity we have more room to gain a deeper understanding of ourselves, our boundaries and our desires. By creating this intentional space, we can increase opportunities for choice in our lives. Using a combination of relational, psychodynamic and mindfulness techniques I will help you to understand your own emotional landscape, so you can feel better equipped to manage stressful moments in life and have more capacity for joy and meaning. I specialize in working with the LGBTQI population and also with couples of all constellations.
When we foster a space of compassion and curiosity we have more room to gain a deeper understanding of ourselves, our boundaries and our desires. By creating this intentional space, we can increase opportunities for choice in our lives. Using a combination of relational, psychodynamic and mindfulness techniques I will help you to understand your own emotional landscape, so you can feel better equipped to manage stressful moments in life and have more capacity for joy and meaning. I specialize in working with the LGBTQI population and also with couples of all constellations.
(510) 253-0122 View (510) 253-0122
Photo of Barbara Moura, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Barbara Moura
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
Sometimes the coping strategies that we use no longer work for us. And the usual support systems we turn to, are at times just not enough. Therapy can be an added support to help us figure out new strategies to cope with the challenges and times of transition in our lives. I provide a calm and reflective space, where together we will reach a deeper understanding of what holds you back and what changes you need to make to live your life more fully. Some areas of specialization include women's issues, perinatal and postnatal disorders, early parenting and cancer.
Sometimes the coping strategies that we use no longer work for us. And the usual support systems we turn to, are at times just not enough. Therapy can be an added support to help us figure out new strategies to cope with the challenges and times of transition in our lives. I provide a calm and reflective space, where together we will reach a deeper understanding of what holds you back and what changes you need to make to live your life more fully. Some areas of specialization include women's issues, perinatal and postnatal disorders, early parenting and cancer.
(510) 257-9374 View (510) 257-9374
Jeff Sliemers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Being felt, heard and seen is the most important part of healing. I believe in giving an attuned presence to help you be the most embodied you can be. This process happens through emotional attunement and somatic mirroring. My training with Thomas Hubl has been instrumental in my own psycho-spiritual transformation. I have experienced my own wounds and view myself as a wounded healer. My own self growth journey and spiritual engagement has made my presence as a therapist one that is likely unique for you. I see wounded humans in a different light. My style of therapy integrates many modalities that help you reach your potential.
Being felt, heard and seen is the most important part of healing. I believe in giving an attuned presence to help you be the most embodied you can be. This process happens through emotional attunement and somatic mirroring. My training with Thomas Hubl has been instrumental in my own psycho-spiritual transformation. I have experienced my own wounds and view myself as a wounded healer. My own self growth journey and spiritual engagement has made my presence as a therapist one that is likely unique for you. I see wounded humans in a different light. My style of therapy integrates many modalities that help you reach your potential.
(341) 222-3678 View (341) 222-3678
Photo of Eric Mill, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Eric Mill
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Couples want to feel better. Couples often find themselves caught in patterns of conflict that they would love to get out of. Most couples dream of living with better communication and less conflict. Fortunately, couples counseling was made for this. Whether you're looking for couples counseling to increasing the level of commitment in your relationship, wanting to deepen your connection, or really struggling to keep the connection alive - you're not alone and there is help.
Couples want to feel better. Couples often find themselves caught in patterns of conflict that they would love to get out of. Most couples dream of living with better communication and less conflict. Fortunately, couples counseling was made for this. Whether you're looking for couples counseling to increasing the level of commitment in your relationship, wanting to deepen your connection, or really struggling to keep the connection alive - you're not alone and there is help.
(415) 798-9930 View (415) 798-9930
Photo of Zonya Johnson, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Zonya Johnson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I have worked as a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist for over 25 years. I work with individuals and couples with a broad range of psychological and relationship problems. I very much enjoy the sociocultural diversity of the Bay Area and my psychotherapy practice reflects this diversity. Helping people maximize their individual potential is a never-ending source of satisfaction. I have special interests in relationship issues, women's issues, cultural concerns, and health-related problems. I also enjoy helping people find a balance between the demands of work, self, spirit and family.
I have worked as a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist for over 25 years. I work with individuals and couples with a broad range of psychological and relationship problems. I very much enjoy the sociocultural diversity of the Bay Area and my psychotherapy practice reflects this diversity. Helping people maximize their individual potential is a never-ending source of satisfaction. I have special interests in relationship issues, women's issues, cultural concerns, and health-related problems. I also enjoy helping people find a balance between the demands of work, self, spirit and family.
(925) 238-8809 View (925) 238-8809
Photo of Oscar S Ureño, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Oscar S Ureño
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94618
Making the decision to seek out and find the right therapist either for you or for a loved one can be tough. There are many variables to consider and the task can be overwhelming. I work with people who struggle with issues related to identity, mood, life transitions, conflict, trauma and resistance to therapy often because it is mandated. I provide a safe space where you can discuss the details of your challenges and ground the clinical work in the context of the therapeutic relationship.
Making the decision to seek out and find the right therapist either for you or for a loved one can be tough. There are many variables to consider and the task can be overwhelming. I work with people who struggle with issues related to identity, mood, life transitions, conflict, trauma and resistance to therapy often because it is mandated. I provide a safe space where you can discuss the details of your challenges and ground the clinical work in the context of the therapeutic relationship.
(510) 306-7547 View (510) 306-7547
Photo of Andrea Baxter, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Andrea Baxter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I help people unwind places of stuckness or struggle in life, through working with ways the past may be influencing the present and impeding your capacity to thrive. My intention is to meet you where you are at: whether you have a need related to a specific challenge such as anxiety or depression, are facing a time of stress or transition, or are ready to devote time to intentional change in your life. I work with both individuals and couples.
I help people unwind places of stuckness or struggle in life, through working with ways the past may be influencing the present and impeding your capacity to thrive. My intention is to meet you where you are at: whether you have a need related to a specific challenge such as anxiety or depression, are facing a time of stress or transition, or are ready to devote time to intentional change in your life. I work with both individuals and couples.
(628) 214-2129 View (628) 214-2129
Photo of Kristopher Curtis Kern, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Kristopher Curtis Kern
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611  (Online Only)
When making the complex and vulnerable choice to begin therapy, you should be able to trust your therapist and feel safe sharing your story. This is why compassion and empathy are my priorities when building our therapeutic alliance. Together, we will collaborate on an individualized plan for change and growth that is consistent with your values and cultural identities. Every human is a unique mix of identities, experiences, fears, dreams, and values. I am well-versed in theory and operate from a foundation of science. However, I also believe that it is essential to recognize the humanity behind everyone’s struggles and actions.
When making the complex and vulnerable choice to begin therapy, you should be able to trust your therapist and feel safe sharing your story. This is why compassion and empathy are my priorities when building our therapeutic alliance. Together, we will collaborate on an individualized plan for change and growth that is consistent with your values and cultural identities. Every human is a unique mix of identities, experiences, fears, dreams, and values. I am well-versed in theory and operate from a foundation of science. However, I also believe that it is essential to recognize the humanity behind everyone’s struggles and actions.
(510) 319-0519 View (510) 319-0519
Photo of Deborah Yarock, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Deborah Yarock
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
For the past 35 years, I have supported people navigating anxiety, depression, addictions and overwhelm to rediscover their aliveness, and the gifts that can come from even the most difficult experiences. As a highly interactive and warm person, I focus on the quality of our therapeutic relationship, as I believe it is pivotal to the healing process. Deeply intuitive and strength based by nature, I help you recognize your innate wisdom to creatively reshape your life. In the supportive environment of therapy, you are invited to unfold at your very own pace while facing challenges and perceived limitations.
For the past 35 years, I have supported people navigating anxiety, depression, addictions and overwhelm to rediscover their aliveness, and the gifts that can come from even the most difficult experiences. As a highly interactive and warm person, I focus on the quality of our therapeutic relationship, as I believe it is pivotal to the healing process. Deeply intuitive and strength based by nature, I help you recognize your innate wisdom to creatively reshape your life. In the supportive environment of therapy, you are invited to unfold at your very own pace while facing challenges and perceived limitations.
(510) 398-6926 View (510) 398-6926
Photo of David Cushman, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
David Cushman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
In a society that expects us to be constantly producing, connecting, and consuming, it is hard to take stock of the inherent complexities in our everyday lives, whether we are children, teens or adults. I see my role as creating a space for pause, reflection and calibration. I pay attention to themes that emerge from discussions we have, tracing the influences of past experiences to present decisions and emotions, helping to connect interactions in the therapy room to problems that emerge outside the therapy room.
In a society that expects us to be constantly producing, connecting, and consuming, it is hard to take stock of the inherent complexities in our everyday lives, whether we are children, teens or adults. I see my role as creating a space for pause, reflection and calibration. I pay attention to themes that emerge from discussions we have, tracing the influences of past experiences to present decisions and emotions, helping to connect interactions in the therapy room to problems that emerge outside the therapy room.
(415) 841-2481 View (415) 841-2481
Photo of Jamie Stern, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Oakland, CA
Jamie Stern
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
Are you going through internal struggle due to trauma? Do you feel anxious and depressed about the future? Do you struggle with family issues and relationship issues? I’m willing to meet you where you are, help you process unwanted thoughts and emotions, and help develop an action plan to effectively cultivate your healing and growth. I’m here to help you explore unresolved feelings (anxiety, depression, anger, helplessness, grief, etc.) and develop skills to effectively cope with them. Thus, you can feel relieved and fulfilled in your relationship with yourself and others.
Are you going through internal struggle due to trauma? Do you feel anxious and depressed about the future? Do you struggle with family issues and relationship issues? I’m willing to meet you where you are, help you process unwanted thoughts and emotions, and help develop an action plan to effectively cultivate your healing and growth. I’m here to help you explore unresolved feelings (anxiety, depression, anger, helplessness, grief, etc.) and develop skills to effectively cope with them. Thus, you can feel relieved and fulfilled in your relationship with yourself and others.
(415) 322-5011 View (415) 322-5011
Photo of Michelle Cataldo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oakland, CA
Michelle Cataldo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
Sometimes it is difficult to know how to move through the waves of life’s challenges. Anxiety, self-esteem issues, grief and loss, perfectionism, and relationship concerns can all disconnect us from staying present to ourselves and grounded in the knowledge that we are not alone. Being open to support is a brave and powerful starting place. Whatever your life experience or transition, I look forward to being your ally as we work to deepen your self-knowledge, self-trust, and self-compassion.
Sometimes it is difficult to know how to move through the waves of life’s challenges. Anxiety, self-esteem issues, grief and loss, perfectionism, and relationship concerns can all disconnect us from staying present to ourselves and grounded in the knowledge that we are not alone. Being open to support is a brave and powerful starting place. Whatever your life experience or transition, I look forward to being your ally as we work to deepen your self-knowledge, self-trust, and self-compassion.
(510) 983-7662 View (510) 983-7662
Photo of Amanda Downs, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Amanda Downs
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Do you seek relief from experiences of anxiety, depression, or shame? You may be wanting more self-confidence or deeper intimacy in your relationships. Perhaps you long to shed unwanted conditioning and live more fully in your embodied truth. I can support you to identify and move through old patterns that constrict your vitality, helping you to unearth your passion and unique gifts. My approach is warm, grounded, and collaborative. Together we will develop a safe space to explore any wounds and limiting beliefs and allow you to encounter and live into your deepest wisdom.
Do you seek relief from experiences of anxiety, depression, or shame? You may be wanting more self-confidence or deeper intimacy in your relationships. Perhaps you long to shed unwanted conditioning and live more fully in your embodied truth. I can support you to identify and move through old patterns that constrict your vitality, helping you to unearth your passion and unique gifts. My approach is warm, grounded, and collaborative. Together we will develop a safe space to explore any wounds and limiting beliefs and allow you to encounter and live into your deepest wisdom.
(628) 228-6175 View (628) 228-6175
Photo of Natalie Jones, Counselor in Oakland, CA
Natalie Jones
Counselor, PsyD, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
When you are in a relationship with a narcissist, you don't know what's real anymore. Somewhere along the way you have gotten lost in the cycle of toxicity and you are unsure of how to get out. You feel powerless and you try to explain to others what's going on, but they don't understand. You have a hard time explaining the manipulation, gaslighting, love bombing, and trauma bonding. You have a hard time hiding how you really feel behind your smile. You have lost yourself in your relationship, and what's worse - you don't feel happy or connected to anyone. You long for a safe place to unload your heavy burdens.
When you are in a relationship with a narcissist, you don't know what's real anymore. Somewhere along the way you have gotten lost in the cycle of toxicity and you are unsure of how to get out. You feel powerless and you try to explain to others what's going on, but they don't understand. You have a hard time explaining the manipulation, gaslighting, love bombing, and trauma bonding. You have a hard time hiding how you really feel behind your smile. You have lost yourself in your relationship, and what's worse - you don't feel happy or connected to anyone. You long for a safe place to unload your heavy burdens.
(415) 322-5527 View (415) 322-5527
Photo of Pablo Baeza Breinbauer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Oakland, CA
Pablo Baeza Breinbauer
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
As a transnationally raised queer immigrant clinician, and east coast transplant to California, I know what it's like to be a newcomer, an outsider, and someone struggling to feel "between worlds." I love working with anyone who is wanting to explore the stories we tell ourselves - and how they shape our sense of power, selfhood and connection to the world.
As a transnationally raised queer immigrant clinician, and east coast transplant to California, I know what it's like to be a newcomer, an outsider, and someone struggling to feel "between worlds." I love working with anyone who is wanting to explore the stories we tell ourselves - and how they shape our sense of power, selfhood and connection to the world.
(510) 319-2900 View (510) 319-2900
Photo of Ali Faris, Psychologist in Oakland, CA
Ali Faris
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94602  (Online Only)
Evening and weekend appointments are available! If you are looking for help to rediscover, remember, and grow into the person you wish to be and need support and help to get there, I would feel privileged to be on that journey with you. I focus on honoring your knowledge and experiences in the hope of creating an empowering environment where you benefit from the freedom to discover your strengths, resiliencies, and courage. I consider the many ways you have come to know and understand yourself and your relationships to others, taking into account your culture, history, and identity.
Evening and weekend appointments are available! If you are looking for help to rediscover, remember, and grow into the person you wish to be and need support and help to get there, I would feel privileged to be on that journey with you. I focus on honoring your knowledge and experiences in the hope of creating an empowering environment where you benefit from the freedom to discover your strengths, resiliencies, and courage. I consider the many ways you have come to know and understand yourself and your relationships to others, taking into account your culture, history, and identity.
(510) 588-7155 View (510) 588-7155
Photo of Rachel Milner, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Oakland, CA
Rachel Milner
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I specialize in working with young people and the LGBTQIA community. My professional background in education, clowning, and physical theater deeply informs my work. Using embodied play alongside talk therapy, I find that my clients are able to access expression, relief, and growth. This type of work is useful for kids experiencing anxiety, school and family challenges, and struggling with self esteem. It is also useful for LGBTQIA people to become more deeply in touch with their identities, using a creative lens. I am committed to meeting clients where they are at to develop a space for creative healing.
I specialize in working with young people and the LGBTQIA community. My professional background in education, clowning, and physical theater deeply informs my work. Using embodied play alongside talk therapy, I find that my clients are able to access expression, relief, and growth. This type of work is useful for kids experiencing anxiety, school and family challenges, and struggling with self esteem. It is also useful for LGBTQIA people to become more deeply in touch with their identities, using a creative lens. I am committed to meeting clients where they are at to develop a space for creative healing.
(510) 757-1764 View (510) 757-1764

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oakland, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in Oakland, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Grief
66% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aetna
49% Cigna and Evernorth
44% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Oakland, CA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oakland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.